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Resumen:
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Understanding climate variability and change, including recent anthropogenic warming, poses questions that cannot be answered based solely upon instrumental records. The Common Era (CE), and speci cally the last millennium (LM), are immediate temporal intervals with comparable external radiative forcings as those of present day. Exploring the climate system blended response to the forcing conditions and to the mechanisms imposed by its internal dynamics during the CE, and particularly the LM, has the potential to expand our understanding of climate variability from inter-annual and decadal to multi-centennial timescales. This provides a wider context for current warming that might help constraining the uncertainty embedded in the future climate response to a sustained anthropogenic pressure. Proxy-based climate reconstructions, paleoclimate model simulations and estimations of external radiative forcing stand as fundamental tools that allow gaining insights about past climate variations, their amplitude and causes...
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